Definition and Examples of Etymon in Linguistics

In historical linguistics, an etymon is a word, word root, or  morpheme  from which a later form of a word derives. For instance, the etymon of the English word etymology is the Greek word etymos (meaning true). Plural etymons or etyma. Put another way, an etymon is the original word (in the same language or in a foreign language) from which a present-day word has evolved. Etymology:  From the Greek, true meaning The Misleading Etymology of Etymology [W]e have to avoid being misled by the etymology of the word etymology itself; we have inherited this term from a pre-scientific period in the history of language study, from a time when it was supposed (with varying degrees of seriousness) that etymological studies would lead to the etymon, the true and genuine meaning. There is no such thing as the etymon of a word, or there are as many kinds of etymon as there are kinds of etymological research. (James Barr, Language and Meaning. E.J. Brill, 1974) The Meaning of Meat In Old English, the word meat (spelled mete) mainly meant food, especially solid food, found as late as 1844... The Old English word mete came from the same Germanic source as Old Frisian mete, Old Saxon meti, mat, Old High German maz, Old Icelandic matr, and Gothic mats, all meaning food. (Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics. Random House, 2008) Immediate and Remote Etymons Frequently a distinction is made between an immediate etymon, i.e. the direct parent of a particular word, and one or more remote etymons. Thus Old French frere is the immediate etymon of Middle English frere (modern English friar); Latin frater, fratr- is a remote etymon of Middle English frere, but the immediate etymon of Old French frere. (Philip Durkin, The Oxford Guide to Etymology. Oxford University Press, 2009) Sack and Ransack; Disk, Desk, Dish, and Dais   The etymon of ransack is Scandanavian rannsaka (to attack a house)(hence to rob), whereas sack (plundering) is a borrowing of French sac in phrases like mettre à   sac (to put to sack)... An extreme case of five English words reflecting the same etymon is discus (an 18th-century borrowing from Latin), disk or disc (from French disque or straight from Latin), desk (from Medieval Latin but with the vowel changed under the influence of an Italian or a Provenà §al form), dish (borrowed from Latin by Old English), and dais (from Old French). (Anatoly Liberman, Word Origins . . . and How We Know Them. Oxford University Press, 2005)​ Roland Barthes on Etymons: Triviality and Satisfaction [I]n Fragments dun discours amoureux  [1977], [Roland] Barthes demonstrated that etymons can provide insights into the historical polyvalence of words and the transferral of alternate meanings from one epoch to another, For example, triviality can certainly become quite a different concept when compared with the etymon trivialis which means what is found at all crossroads.  Or the word satisfaction assumes different identities when compared with  the etymons  satis (enough) and satullus (drunk). The variance between current common usage and the etymological definition exemplifies the evolution of the meanings of the same words for different generations. (Roland A. Champagne,  Literary History in the Wake of Roland Barthes: Re-defining the Myths of Reading. Summa, 1984)

The Death Of The Golden Age Of Pericles Athens Essay

When I hear moral courage, I believe numerous individuals who stood up for what they morally felt was right and they did not back down from those beliefs, even if several people were trying to tear them down. A lot of of us stand up for what we believe in and we do not get told by thousands of people we are wrong unless it is posted on a social media site at this time and age. There have been countless people who tried to bring down several of the most recognizable, honorable individuals in our history, such as Rosa Parks, but she did not let anyone stop her. Another person I believed to show that same kind of moral courage was Socrates. In 469 B.C., Socrates was born in Athens, Greece during the golden age of Pericles’ Athens. He almost spent his entire life in Athens. As he was growing up, his father, Sophroniscus, was a stonemason and a sculptor while his mother, Phaenarete, was a midwife. His family was in the middle class of today’s world – they weren’t extremely poor, but they weren’t wealthy. When it came to education, he received a normal, basic Greek education. Even when he was young, he showed he treasured learning. Plato described him enthusiastically acquiring the writings of the top contemporary philosopher Anaxagoras and said he was taught rhetoric by the gifted mistress, of the exceptional Athenian leader Pericles, Aspasia. It is believed he worked as a stonemason before becoming a philosopher since he likely learned the skills his father held. During hisShow MoreRelatedThe Golden Age Of Athens752 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The Golden Age of Athens lasted from 480 to 404 B.C. during which time the small city-state of Athens transformed into an empire, was an epicenter of art, architecture, music, theater, philosophy and the birthplace of a new revolutionary form of government, the democracy (Barrett, n.d.). In my learning journal entry for this week I will discuss one circumstance that led to the end of the Athenian Golden Age, the plague of Athens which killed 75,000 and resulted in the death of their visionaryRead MorePericles : The Golden Age Of Athens927 Words   |  4 Pages During the 5th Century Athens, also known as the Golden Age of Athens, lasted from around 470 to 300 BCE. One of the greatest impacts for the Athenians and Greece would be the works that the statesman, Pericles (495-429 BCE) began to create, thus, the massive change to Greek culture and architecture. One of Pericles’ most prominent achievement would be as the leader of the Delian League, who would soon form the Athenian Empire (Mark). He also created the city-state to inherit democracy. AccordingRead MoreTo What Extent Did The Leadership Of Pericles Influence The Society Of Athenian Life And Greek Culture?1719 Words   |  7 Pagesleadership of pericles influence the society of athenian life and Greek culture. 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Philosopher and author of The Republic, Plato classified men and women based on three categories. These categories were separated by working classes--workers were in the baser metal category, soldier-guardians were in the silver category, and the elite philosopher-rulers were in the goldRead MorePower and Politics: Athens’ Fall from Grace Essay examples1439 Words   |  6 PagesAthens’ governmental shift in 501 BC was unprecedented and innovative, being the first notable implementation of democracy in an ancient world inundated in monarchy. This form of government, founded by Cleisthenes, has been instrumental in Western Civilization, especially since the modern age. Democracy gave Athens life, providing not only a well functioning governing system, but also e nabling the city-state to grow and survive multiple Persian invasions. However, at the dawn of the AthenianRead MoreGreece : The Birthplace Of Democracy1600 Words   |  7 Pagesking’s, Greek leaders cared about their people’s opinion, especially the leaders of Athens. Athens is considered to be the birthplace of democracy. Democracy comes from the ancient Greek word demokratia which means â€Å"power from the people.† But what many modern day civilians do not know, is that Athens did not start off as a demokratia. Originally, Athens had established an oligarchy during the early Archaic Age. During this time, the population amongst the peasants started to rapidly increaseRead MoreThe Golden Age of Athens3111 Words   |  13 PagesThe Golden age of Athens Fifth-century Athens  refers to the Greek city-state of  Athens  in the period of roughly 480 BC-404 BC. This was a period of Athenian political  hegemony, economic growth and cultural flourishing formerly known as the  Golden Age of Athens  or  The Age of Pericles.  The period began in 480 BC when an Athenian-led coalition of city-states, known as the Delian League, defeated the  Persians  at  Salamis. As the fifth century wore on, what started as an alliance of independent  city-states  graduallyRead MoreAncient Greek Of Ancient Greece1582 Words   |  7 Pagesfunction and hierarchy. The city of Athens is at the center of Ancient Greece. Most of what we know about ancient Greek culture depends on records from this principal polis. Athens is the birthplace of democracy and has been called the frame of western civilization. The polis of Athens included about 2500 square kilometers of territory. Surrounding poleis ranged somewhere in the 250 square kilometer region, making Athens the largest. The city-state of Athens controlled the area of the Attic Peninsula

Power in Animal Farm Free Essays

Animal Farm One of America’s most famous presidents, Abraham Lincoln, once said, â€Å"Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power. † This statement stands through all of history as countless world leaders have abused their power constantly. This also shows in the novel by George Orwell, Animal Farm. We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Animal Farm or any similar topic only for you Order Now The pigs in power, and especially Napoleon, tend to constantly abuse their power and be corrupted by it. Three ways power affects the novel are the corruption of power with Napoleon, the pigs taking advantage of their power, and the eventual outcome of the book. As soon as Napoleon had some power he began to scheme to fully take it. â€Å"Nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. † Napoleon had raised dogs since they were little and readied them so he can one day take over the farm. Napoleon then used these dogs to ensure his power multiple times, especially when an uprising was bound to happen. Napoleon became corrupted with power and used it to do his biddings. It is also seen that the dogs wagged their tail in a similar manner as they used to for Jones. Along with Napoleon, all the other pigs, who were regarded as the most intelligent of animals, soon began to corrupt their power too. â€Å"The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. † The pigs seemed to have the greatest amount of food and all sorts of luxuries. The pigs would even break the Seven Commandments when they wanted to and used Squealer, Napoleon’s right hand man(pig), to explain to the animals what has happened and take advantage of them. The pigs began to sleep in beds and become more and more humanlike as well. The final outcome of the book is also influenced by the pigs corruption of power. â€Å"Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. † The pigs began to abuse their power so much they started becoming almost completely humans. They drank alcohol, slept in beds, and walked on their hind feet. With this final transformation into humans, the fate of Animal Farm has been destined for destruction. The pigs will continue fighting for power and then once a rebellion occurs the next animals shall too. Power is certainly a force to be reckoned with. Once obtained the individual or party grows to become more attached to this power and eventually corrupted with it. â€Å"Power Corrupts. Absolute Power corrupts absolutely. † (Lord Acton. ) The animals on Animal Farm felt the effect of corruption in power when the pigs started to constantly abuse it. It is truly hard to find a good leader when power does these horrid effects to most people in control. â€Å"Power Corrupts. Absolute Power corrupts absolutely. † How to cite Power in Animal Farm, Papers

Review on E-Business and Intellectual Property

Question: Discuss how the legal issues affect business. For example, could the problems have been avoided? Explain. Discuss realistic solutions supported by sound legal and business principles. Answer: Article Synopsis The website of a company can be a great tool for the promotion of e-business and also for generating sales. Though the increase in web commerce also increases the risk of the feel and look being copied, or even some of its features or the content of the website. The risk also includes the accusation of using other peoples intellectual assets in an unauthorized way. Some of the legal issues In case of a website, it is a collage of components owned by a number of persons. Like one may own the navigation rights and the other may own the rights of the photographs and some other individual owns the rights of the design of the website. It is not important to own IP rights of every element of one website but the important thing is to know what element one owns exactly and what rights one has to use what they own and dont own (Aggarwal, n.d.). If a website has been developed for an organisation by the employees they are paying to work on it, in such cases most of rights are owned by the company in most countries but in some companies the creation of website is outsourced to an outside contractor but one should not assume that they might own the IP rights because they have paid for it as one cannot own the IP rights for anything which has been created for them as the independent contractors usually have the rights to own the works they created even if someone else has paid for it. This would lead to the actual rights be limited to the creator of the website unless there is a written contract or agreement to the transfer of the rights to the person who paid for it (Chaudhry, 2013). Managerial perspective Some of the different types of legal protections that can be provided to the intellectual property rights are given below The search engines, e-commerce systems and the other form of technical tools can be protected by patents or utility models. The softwares which may also include the text based html code in the websites can be protected by the copyright or patents which would be dependent on the national law (Nyombi, n.d.). The design of the website is most likely to be protected by the copyright. The creative content in websites like that of photographs, written material, graphics, videos and music are also protecte3d by copyright. The databases are also protected by the database law or copyright. The logos, business names, domain names, product names and other signs are protected by the trademarks. The graphic symbols generated by the webpages, screen displays, graphical user interfaces and even webpages are protected through the industrial design law. The secret aspect of the web pages such as source codes, object codes. Graphics, programs, algorithms, data flow charts, database contents, data structures, user manuals, logic flow charts etc. Are to be protected by the trade secret law (Orozco, 2010). References Aggarwal, Raj. 'Business Strategies For Multinational Intellectual Property Protection'.SSRN Journaln. pag. Web. Chaudhry, Peggy E. 'Protecting Your Intellectual Property Rights'.Business Horizons56.2 (2013): 131-133. Web. Nyombi, Chrispas. 'The Role Intellectual Property Rights In International Business'.SSRN Journaln. pag. Web. Orozco, David. 'Legal Knowledge As An Intellectual Property Management Resource'.American Business Law Journal47.4 (2010): 687-726. Web.